Onion cultivation through the common METHODs in East Azarbayjan, leads to low soil fertility, due to the use of fine sands to help germination of onion seeds. One way to solve this problem and reduce the production cost is onion transplanting. In addition, Onion with short and superficial root must be grown in soil which is rich in nutrients, organic matters and consisted of a soft structure, with no clod consisted. The present study was conducted to determine the suitable TILLAGE METHOD in preparing fine seed-bed and increasing the organic matters in topsoil under semi arid climate and loamy soil conditions.A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plots concerning the primary fall-TILLAGE were as following:1- Mold board plow in 25 Cm depth.2- Chisel plow in 15 cm depth3- Disk harrow in 10cm depth.Sub plots concerning the secondary TILLAGE before transplanting were harrowing by disk and rotary tiller in 8-10 cm depth.During the experiment, some physical and chemical properties of soil, such as bulk density, penetration resistance (Con Index), organic matter, percentage of plant residues in various stages of operation and in different depth of soil, plant establishment, bulbs weight and diameter average and yield were measured and analyzed.The following results were obtained:1- The moldboard plow had the most effect on inversion of residues. When a soil-horrowing by disk or rotary tiller carried out after plowing, the residues spread in top and subsoil more evenly. Chisel plow had the least effect of burial of residues in soil.2- Plowing by moldboard and chisel plow had the most effect on reduction of bulk density, penetration resistance and consequently increasing the soil porosity. Therefore, these implements with preparing of suitable conditions for plant establishment and growth resulted in the highest yield.3- In all treatments of secondary operation, the rotary tiller was more effective in soil pulverization than disk.

This experiment was carried out to study on the effects of soil TILLAGE METHODs on soil moisture conservation, growth indices, yield and yield components of some soybean cultivars. The experimental layout was RCBD in split plot arrangement with nine treatments and in three replicates conducted in research farm of university of Tehran with altitude of 1321 m ASL, longitude of 510 East, latitude of 350 48// North. The treatments included combination of soil TILLAGE METHODs of conventional, minimum and no-till as main plots and soybean cultivars of Williams, Wojudanka and Verna as sub plots. According to the results TILLAGE METHODs had significant effects (p<0.01) on grain yield, biomass, harvest index, number of cobs and number of seeds per cob and the minimum grain yield of 2593 kg ha-1was obtained from conventional system, while there was no significant difference between two other TILLAGE METHODs. The biological yield in conventional system with the mean yield of 5994 kg ha-1 was more than two other TILLAGE METHODs and the minimum biomass was obtained from minimum TILLAGE. The maximum harvest index was observed in conventional system and the highest number of cobs per plant was obtained from Williams cultivar, while the number of seeds per cob was significantly different in studied cultivars with the highest amount in Williams and the lowest in Verna.

A field experiment was conducted at research station of Zabol university in 2012. The experiment carried out as split plot on basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main and sub factors included TILLAGE systems (No, reduced, and Conventional TILLAGE) and planting ratios of intercropping (pure culture of roselle, pure culture of green gram, 25% roselle+75% green gram, 50% roselle+50% green gram and 75% roselle+25% green gram), respectively. For roselle, the results showed that the effects of TILLAGE systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, diameter of stem, lateral branch, number of fruit and sepal yield. For green gram the results showed that the effects of TILLAGE systems and planting ratio was significant on plant height, number of pods in plant, number of seed in pod and economical yield. TILLAGE systems had not significant different on land equivalent ratio but comparison of means showed that the maximum and minimum of LER was obtained in conventional and reduce TILLAGE, respectively. The maximum of LER was obtained at 75% green gram plus 25% roselle (1.36). In general, more useful intercropping confirmed than a pure culture of roselle and green gram.

Local information about TILLAGE intensity and ground residue coverage is useful for policies in agricultural extension, TILLAGE implement design and upgrading management METHODs. The current METHODs for assessing crop residue coverage and TILLAGE intensity such as residue weighing METHODs, line-transect and photo comparison METHODs are tedious and time-consuming. The present study was devoted to investigate accurate METHODs for monitoring residue management and TILLAGE practices. The satellite imagery technique was used as a rapid and spatially explicit METHOD for delineating crop residue coverage and as an estimator of conservation TILLAGE adoption and intensity. The potential of multispectral high-spatial resolution WorldView-2 local data was evaluated using the total of eleven satellite spectral indices and Linear Spectral Unmixing Analysis (LSUA). The total of ninety locations was selected for this study and for each location the residue coverage was measured by the image processing METHOD and recorded as ground control. The output of indices and LSUA METHOD were individually correlated to the control and the relevant R2 was calculated. Results indicated that crop residue cover was related to IPVI, RVI1, RVI2 and GNDVI spectral indices and satisfactory correlations were established (0.74 - 0.81). The crop residue coverage estimated from the LSUA approach was found to be correlated with the ground residue data (0.75). Two effective indices named as Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI) and Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) with maximum R2 were considered for classification of TILLAGE intensity. Results indicated that the classification accuracy with IPVI and RVI indices in different conditions varied from 78-100 percent and therefore in good agreement with ground measurement, observations and field records.

Adoption of conservative agriculture at farm level is associated with reducing the production costs and leads to crop yield stability. The aim of this study was to prioritize experimental treatments based on different criteria by applying "technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution" (TOPSIS). A filed experiment was carried out at Zarghan research station, Fars province, Iran, during 2014-2016 growing seasons. Experimental treatments were three TILLAGE practices including conventional TILLAGE (CT), reduced TILLAGE (RT) and no TILLAGE (NT) that were assigned to main plots and four spring wheat genotypes (Chamran, Sirvan, Picaflor#1 and M-89-10)were randomized in subplots using split-plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. Selected criteria including two groups of economic-i. e. water cost, weed control cost, production cost and gross margin-and agronomic – i. e. grain yield and soil bulk density criteria used to prioritize the treatments. The weights of bulk density (0. 040), grain yield (0. 180), gross margin (0. 280), water cost (0. 0270), weed control cost (0. 150), and production cost (0. 080) was calculated. Results showed, considering all criteria to prioritize wheat genotypes under different TILLAGE practices, that Sirvan and Picaflor#1 genotypes under RT practice could be the first treatments in 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons, respectively. Therefore, the multiple criteriaMETHODshould be used for selection of the best TILLAGE practices and wheat genotypes under TILLAGE practices rather than a criterion such as grain yield or production cost.

Rapeseed as one the most crops is the basic needs of human feeding in order to produce oil. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different TILLAGE system, seeding METHOD and rates on yield and its components, as well as, seed oil percentage of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. cv. Hyola-401) during 2011-12 growing season at Rice Research Institute of Iran-Department of Mazandaran (Amol). The study was carried out in a split-split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments included three TILLAGE METHODs (no TILLAGE, minimum TILLAGE, and conventional TILLAGE) as main plots, two seeding METHODs (hand-sowing and row planter) as sub plots and three seeding rates (6, 9, and 12 kg/ha) as sub sub plots. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by applying minimum TILLAGE METHOD. The seeding METHODs had no significant effect on seed yield. The mean squares of oil seed percentage and 1000 seed weight in any of applied treatment were no significant, which was suggesting the stability of this trait in relation to applied treatments. Consequently, minimum TILLAGE METHOD by use of row planter and seed rate of 9 kg/ha was suggested for the best result in rice fields of Mazandaran for canola seed.

Irrigation management, soil TILLAGE METHOD and fertilizer management play important roles in increasing crop yield and water and solute movement in the soil profile. The present research was conducted to study the effects of a no-TILLAGE system and nitrogen fertilizer on the mineral nitrogen movement and soil moisture under optimum irrigation conditions. The study was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center in silty clay loam soil and a warm, semi-arid climate. Two METHODs of corn seedbed preparation, including conventional TILLAGE (CT) and no-TILLAGE (NT) at three nitrogen levels (150, 225, 300 kg per hectare) were implemented. The nitrogen source was urea and was applied through fertigation in three equal splits at first irrigation, four-leaf and flowering stages. Nitrate and ammonium were measured before and 10 days after fertigation and after harvesting at 30 cm depth increments down to 120 cm. Inflow and outflow rates, soil moisture before and after irrigation, and bulk density were measured. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed between soil bulk density at the initial, middle and end of the cropping period for both TILLAGE systems. The greatest moisture level was observed in the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) under NT (about 3%) for all pre-irrigation measurements. Inflow and outflow rates indicated that NT increased applied water and decreased runoff for every irrigation as a result of residues accumulated in the furrows. Nitrate concentration in the 0-30 cm soil layer for the two TILLAGE METHODs was significantly higher than for the other layers (P<0.01). No significant differences were found between soil nitrate concentration and nitrate movement in soil layer for both TILLAGE systems. Thus, nitrogen fertilizer application in the NT system with direct drilling on wheat residue is recommended at the same level recommended for CT. The levels of NH4-N in pre- and post-fertigation applications were generally low than the NO3-N level and no significant differences were found in the soil layers for both TILLAGE systems.

The current study was conducted to compare different TILLAGE METHODs on wheat yield in pebbly dry land areas done within three years (2006-2008) in north Khouzestan (Baghmalek city) in randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The experimental treatments were: (1) chisel plow+seed-drill, (2) Semi plow (mold board plow with remove mold board)+seed-drill, (3) no-till-drill, (4) sweep plow+seed-drill and (5) conventional METHOD (mold board plow+broadcasting seed and fertilizer+sweep plow). These treatments included minimum TILLAGE (treatments 1, 2 and 4), no TILLAGE (treatment 3) and conventional TILLAGE (treatment 5).Complex variance analyses of three years data showed that there was no significant difference between TILLAGE METHODs and interaction of TILLAGE METHODs with year in soil moisture content in different plant growth stages (stem, flowering, and filling seeds stages) but years were different in this factor. Variance analyses of data showed that there was no significant difference between different TILLAGE METHODs in percent of organic materials in different soil depths in the end of the project. However, no difference in TILLAGE METHODs in the amount of organic material has been analyzed based on the pebbly conditions. The complex variance analyses of data also showed that TILLAGE METHODs had significant effect on grain yield and other agronomical factors, except plant height and harvest index. According to the results any devices cause to back more gravel and cobblestone into sub soil layer provide more grain yield. Therefore, mold board plow resulted in maximum yield in three experimental years which were different in amount and distribution of rainfall, and also in third year the amount of rainfall was considerably low. The grain yield averages of three years were 1333, 1558, 1190, 1080 and 1787 Kg.ha-1 for chisel plow, semi plow, no-till-drill, sweep plow and mold board plow respectively.